Prognostic factors and perinatal outcomes in early-onset intrauterine growth restriction due to placental insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the principal prognostic factors and neonatal outcomes associated with perinatal death in cases of early-onset intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to placental insufficiency and to define the cutoff point for the risk of perinatal death. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study conducted with 198 pregnant women with a diagnosis of early-onset IUGR (as detected before the 32nd week of gestational age). The association between the dependent variable (perinatal death) and the independent variables was investigated using a multivariate logistic regression model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the adjusted model. A significance level of 5% was established for the entire statistical analysis. RESULTS: Perinatal deaths occurred in 89 (44.9%) of the 198 fetuses with early-onset IUGR. Birthweight <800 grams (OR: 14.73; 95%CI: 4.13-52.54; p < .001), postnatal need for mechanical ventilation (OR: 24.56; 95%CI: 5.58-108.08; p < .001) and postnatal use of an oxygen hood (OR: 0.09; 95%CI: 0.02-0.39; p = .001) remained significantly associated with neonatal death in the multivariate model. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for birthweight <800 grams and need for mechanical ventilation as predictors of death were, respectively, 84%, 91%, 88%, 88% and 93%, 71%, 60% and 96%, while the values for use of an oxygen hood were, respectively, 15%, 62%, 15% and 62%. CONCLUSION: The principal determinants of perinatal death in fetuses with early-onset IUGR were birthweight <800 grams, gestational age at delivery <30 weeks and postnatal need for mechanical ventilation as risk factors while postnatal use of an oxygen hood was found to constitute a protective factor.

Maternal and fetal parameters in pregnant woman undergoing tocolysis with nifedipine / Parâmetros maternos e fetais em gestante submetida a tocólise com nifedipina

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the effects of nifedipine with tocolysis under maternal and fetal parameters. Methods: a cohort study with 40 pregnant women admitted at a high-risk pregnancy ward to inhibit premature labor between September/2010 to May/2012. Nifedipine was used as a 20mg sublingual attack dose and maintained 20mg every six and eight hours orally. The variables of the analysis were fetal heart rate (FHR), maternal heart rate (MHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and amniotic fluid index (AFI). All the variables were evaluated prior to administrating nifedipine and approximately after 6 hours and every 24 hours, until hospital discharge. Results: there were no modification of the FHR (p=0.48) and the SBP (p=0.29). The MHR increased after 24 hours, but with no statistical difference (p=0.08), returning to similar levels as at admission within 48 hours. The DBP decreased at 6 (p=0.04) to 72 hours, being stable afterwards. The AFI decreased significantly at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Conclusions: the use of high doses of nifedipine with tocolysis causes a decrease of the maternal's diastolic blood pressure and consequently decreases the amniotic fluid index, but probably without any clinical repercussions.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar os efeitos da nifedipina utilizada na tocólise sobre os parâmetros maternos e fetais. Métodos: estudo de coorte incluindo 40 gestantes admitidas na enfermaria de alto risco para inibição do trabalho de parto prematuro entre setembro/2010 a maio/2012. Utilizou-se a nifedipina sublingual na dose de ataque de 20mg e uma manutenção de 20mg por via oral a cada seis e oito horas. As variáveis avaliadas foram os batimentos cardio-fetais (BCF), frequência cardíaca materna (FCM), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) e índice de líquido amniótico (ILA). Todas as variáveis foram avaliadas antes da administração da nifedipina e aproximadamente após 6h e cada 24h até alta hospitalar. Resultados: não houve modificação dos BCF (p=0,48) e da PAS (p=0,29). A FCM aumentou após 24h, mas sem significância estatística (p=0,08) retornando a níveis similares ao da admissão com 48h. A PAD diminuiua partir de 6h (p = 0,04)até 72h, mantendo-se constante. O ILA diminuiu significativamente em 24h, 48h e 72h. Conclusão: a utilização de altas doses de nifedipina para tocóliseocasio na diminuição dos níveis pressóricos diastólicos maternos e consequentemente diminuição do ILA, mas provavelmente sem repercussões clínicas.

Evaluation of perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between amniotic fluid index (AFI) and perinatal outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2008 and 2012. 86 pregnant women were included, with a diagnosis of PPROM and gestational age from 24 to 35 weeks. Women who presented hypertensive disorders, diabetes, fetuses with birth defects and infection at admission were excluded. To determine the association between AFI and perinatal outcomes, chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used if necessary, as well as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95CI). Correlation between AFI and perinatal outcomes was determined by using simple linear regression, and AFI progression during pregnancy was analyzed by Z-test. RESULTS: When comparing newborns presenting ultrasound with AFI<5cm and AFI>5cm, there was a higher frequency of perinatal mortality when the AFI was lower than 5 cm. However, when the oligohydramnios was diagnosed as severe (AFI<3cm), there was a higher frequency of Apgar scores less than seven at 1 minute, neonatal sepsis and early neonatal mortality compared to those presenting AFI>3cm. There was a positive correlation between AFI and gestational age at delivery, birth weight and Apgar scores at minutes 1 and 5. There was also a decrease in amniotic fluid volume with increased gestational age. CONCLUSION: The presence of severe oligohydramnios after PPROM contributed to a higher frequency of perinatal complications and death.

Evaluation of perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes / Avaliação dos resultados perinatais em gestantes com rotura prematura das membranas pré-termo

SUMMARY Objective: To determine the association between amniotic fluid index (AFI) and perinatal outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2008 and 2012. 86 pregnant women were included, with a diagnosis of PPROM and gestational age from 24 to 35 weeks. Women who presented hypertensive disorders, diabetes, fetuses with birth defects and infection at admission were excluded. To determine the association between AFI and perinatal outcomes, chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used if necessary, as well as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95CI). Correlation between AFI and perinatal outcomes was determined by using simple linear regression, and AFI progression during pregnancy was analyzed by Z-test. Results: When comparing newborns presenting ultrasound with AFI<5cm and AFI>5cm, there was a higher frequency of perinatal mortality when the AFI was lower than 5 cm. However, when the oligohydramnios was diagnosed as severe (AFI<3cm), there was a higher frequency of Apgar scores less than seven at 1 minute, neonatal sepsis and early neonatal mortality compared to those presenting AFI>3cm. There was a positive correlation between AFI and gestational age at delivery, birth weight and Apgar scores at minutes 1 and 5. There was also a decrease in amniotic fluid volume with increased gestational age. Conclusion: The presence of severe oligohydramnios after PPROM contributed to a higher frequency of perinatal complications and death.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a associação do índice de líquido amniótico (ILA) com os resultados perinatais na rotura prematura das membranas pré-termo (RPMPT). Método: realizou-se um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, de 2008 a 2012. Foram incluídas 86 gestantes, com diagnóstico de RPMPT e idade gestacional entre a 24ª e 35ª semanas. Foram excluídas gestantes que apresentavam síndromes hipertensivas, diabetes, fetos com malformações fetais e infecção na admissão. Para determinar a associação entre ILA e desfechos perinatais, foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher, quando pertinentes, além da razão de risco (RR) e seu intervalo de confiança a 95% (IC95%). A correlação entre ILA e desfechos perinatais foi determinada por regressão linear simples, e a evolução do ILA durante a gestação foi analisada pelo teste Z. Resultados: quando comparados os recém-nascidos que apresentavam ultrassonografia com ILA<5 cm e ILA>5 cm, observou-se maior frequência de mortalidade perinatal nos casos de ILA<5 cm. Quando o oligo-hidrâmnio, porém, era diagnosticado como grave (ILA<3 cm), observava-se maior frequência de escore de Apgar <7 no 1º minuto, sepse neonatal e mortalidade neonatal precoce em relação aos que apresentavam ILA>3 cm. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre ILA e idade gestacional no parto, peso ao nascer e escore de Apgar no 1º e 5º minutos, além de diminuição do volume do líquido amniótico com o avançar da idade gestacional. Conclusão: a presença de oligo-hidrâmnio grave após a RPMPT contribuiu para uma maior frequência de complicações e mortalidade perinatal.

[Mechanical method of induction of labor in high-risk pregnant women with previous cesarean section]. / Método mecânico de indução do parto em gestantes de alto risco com cesariana anterior.

PURPOSE: To describe the maternal and fetal outcomes with the use of the Foley catheter for induction of labor in high-risk pregnant women with previous caesarean section. METHODS: An interventive and descriptive study was conducted from November 2013 to June 2014. A total of 39 pregnant women at term, with a live fetus, cephalic presentation, estimated fetal weight <4,000 g, with previous cesarean section, medical indications for induction of labor, Bishop score ≤6 and amniotic fluid index >5 cm were included. A number 16F Foley catheter was introduced for a maximum of 24 hours, and was considered to be satisfactory when the patient began labor within 24 hours. RESULTS: Labor was successfully induced in 79.5% of pregnant women. Nine women achieved vaginal delivery (23.1%), with a frequency of 18% of vaginal births occurring within 24 hours. The main indications for the induction of labor were hypertensive disorders (75%). The mean interval between the placement of the Foley catheter and the beginning of labor and delivery were 8.7±7.1 and 14.7±9.8 hours, respectively. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid was observed in two patients; and an Apgar score <7 in the first minute was detected in 5 newborns (12.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The Foley catheter is an alternative for the induction of labor in women with previous caesarean section, despite the low vaginal delivery rate.

Método mecânico de indução do parto em gestantes de alto risco com cesariana anterior / Mechanical method of induction of labor in high-risk pregnant women with previous cesarean section

OBJETIVO: Descrever os desfechos materno-fetais com o uso da sonda de Foley para indução do trabalho de parto em gestantes de alto risco com cesariana anterior. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de intervenção e descritivo, no período de novembro de 2013 a junho de 2014. Foram incluídas 39 gestantes a termo, com feto vivo, apresentação cefálica, peso estimado <4.000 g, cesariana prévia, com indicação de indução do trabalho de parto, escore de Bishop ≤6 e índice de líquido amniótico >5 cm. A sonda de Foley nº 16F foi introduzida, por no máximo 24 horas, sendo considerado satisfatória quando a paciente entrou em trabalho de parto nas primeiras 24 horas. RESULTADOS: O trabalho de parto foi induzido satisfatoriamente em 79,5% das gestantes. Nove mulheres evoluíram para parto vaginal (23,1%), com uma frequência de 18% de partos vaginais ocorridos dentro de 24 horas. As principais indicações da indução do parto foram as síndromes hipertensivas (75%). As médias dos intervalos entre a colocação da sonda de Foley e o início do trabalho de parto e o parto foram de 8,7±7,1 e 14,7±9,8 horas, respectivamente. A eliminação de mecônio foi observada em 2 pacientes e o escore de Apgar <7 no primeiro minuto foi observado em 5 recém-nascidos (12,8%). CONCLUSÕES: A sonda de Foley é uma alternativa para indução do trabalho de parto em gestantes com cesariana anterior, apesar da baixa taxa de parto vaginal. .

PURPOSE: To describe the maternal and fetal outcomes with the use of the Foley catheter for induction of labor in high-risk pregnant women with previous caesarean section. METHODS: An interventive and descriptive study was conducted from November 2013 to June 2014. A total of 39 pregnant women at term, with a live fetus, cephalic presentation, estimated fetal weight <4,000 g, with previous cesarean section, medical indications for induction of labor, Bishop score ≤6 and amniotic fluid index >5 cm were included. A number 16F Foley catheter was introduced for a maximum of 24 hours, and was considered to be satisfactory when the patient began labor within 24 hours. RESULTS: Labor was successfully induced in 79.5% of pregnant women. Nine women achieved vaginal delivery (23.1%), with a frequency of 18% of vaginal births occurring within 24 hours. The main indications for the induction of labor were hypertensive disorders (75%). The mean interval between the placement of the Foley catheter and the beginning of labor and delivery were 8.7±7.1 and 14.7±9.8 hours, respectively. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid was observed in two patients; and an Apgar score <7 in the first minute was detected in 5 newborns (12.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The Foley catheter is an alternative for the induction of labor in women with previous caesarean section, despite the low vaginal delivery rate. .

[Premature rupture of the membranes before the 35th week: perinatal outcomes]. / Ruptura prematura das membranas antes da 35a semana: resultados perinatais.

PURPOSE: To describe the perinatal outcomes after preterm premature rupture of membranes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out at Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira - IMIP from January 2008 to December 2012. A total of 124 preterm premature rupture of membranes singleton pregnancies, with gestational age <35, were included in the study. Pregnant women carrying fetuses with malformations, hypertensive syndromes, diabetes, or diagnosis of infections at admission were excluded. The pregnant women were hospitalized for conservative treatment with corticosteroids, antibiotics and tocolysis with nifedipine if necessary. The results are reported as frequency distributions and measures of central tendency and dispersion. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (13.7%) had a gestational age of less than 24 weeks. Mean maternal age was 25.7 years, mean gestational age at the diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes was 29 weeks, mean amniotic fluid index was 3.5 cm, and mean latency period was 10.5 days. Most patients went into spontaneous labor by the 30th week of pregnancy, and the rate of vaginal delivery was 88.2%. Chorioamnionitis was the most frequent maternal complication (34.7%). Neonatal sepsis was observed in 12% of patients, and the perinatal mortality rate was 21.5% for the group at or beyond the 24th week of gestation and 76.5% for the group with less than 24 weeks of gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: A low maternal mortality rate was observed in preterm premature rupture of membranes; however, high rates of complications and perinatal death were observed, suggesting that other conduct protocols should be studied.

Ruptura prematura das membranas antes da 35a semana: resultados perinatais / Premature rupture of the membranes before the 35th week: perinatal outcomes

OBJETIVO: Descrever os resultados perinatais na ruptura prematura das membranas pré-termo. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional do tipo coorte retrospectivo, realizado no Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira - IMIP, de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2012. Foram incluídas 124 gestantes com ruptura prematura das membranas pré-termo, com feto único e idade gestacional <35 semanas. Gestantes com malformações fetais, síndromes hipertensivas, diabetes e diagnóstico de infecção na admissão foram excluídas. As gestantes foram internadas para realização de conduta conservadora, sendo realizada corticoterapia, antibioticoterapia e tocólise com nifepina, se necessário. Os resultados foram apresentados como distribuição de frequências e medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. RESULTADOS: Dezessete mulheres (13,7%) tinham idade gestacional menor que a 24a semana. As médias foram as seguintes: idade materna - 25,7 anos, idade gestacional no diagnóstico da ruptura prematura das membranas pré-termo - 29 semanas, índice de líquido amniótico - 3,5 cm e período de latência - 10,5 dias. A maioria das mulheres desencadeou o trabalho de parto espontâneo até a 30a semana, e a taxa de parto vaginal foi de 88,2%. A principal complicação materna foi a corioamnionite (34,7%). A sepse neonatal foi observada em 12%, e a mortalidade perinatal foi de 21,5% no grupo a partir da 24a semana e de 76,5% nas gestantes antes da 24a semana. CONCLUSÕES: Na ruptura prematura das membranas pré-termo, foi observada uma baixa frequência de morbidade e mortalidade materna, porém com altas taxas de complicações e óbito perinatais, sugerindo que outros protocolos de conduta nessas pacientes sejam estudados. .

PURPOSE: To describe the perinatal outcomes after preterm premature rupture of membranes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out at Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira - IMIP from January 2008 to December 2012. A total of 124 preterm premature rupture of membranes singleton pregnancies, with gestational age <35, were included in the study. Pregnant women carrying fetuses with malformations, hypertensive syndromes, diabetes, or diagnosis of infections at admission were excluded. The pregnant women were hospitalized for conservative treatment with corticosteroids, antibiotics and tocolysis with nifedipine if necessary. The results are reported as frequency distributions and measures of central tendency and dispersion. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (13.7%) had a gestational age of less than 24 weeks. Mean maternal age was 25.7 years, mean gestational age at the diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes was 29 weeks, mean amniotic fluid index was 3.5 cm, and mean latency period was 10.5 days. Most patients went into spontaneous labor by the 30th week of pregnancy, and the rate of vaginal delivery was 88.2%. Chorioamnionitis was the most frequent maternal complication (34.7%). Neonatal sepsis was observed in 12% of patients, and the perinatal mortality rate was 21.5% for the group at or beyond the 24th week of gestation and 76.5% for the group with less than 24 weeks of gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: A low maternal mortality rate was observed in preterm premature rupture of membranes; however, high rates of complications and perinatal death were observed, suggesting that other conduct protocols should be studied. .

Volume de líquido amniótico e os desfechos maternos em gestantes com ruptura prematura das membranas pré-termo / Amniotic fluid volume and maternal outcomes in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes

OBJETIVO: Analisar entre pacientes com ruptura prematura de membranas pré-termo a associação do volume do líquido amniótico e os desfechos maternos. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional do tipo coorte retrospectivo, realizado entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2012. Foram incluídas 86 gestantes com diagnóstico de ruptura prematura das membranas e idade gestacional entre a 24ªe a 35ª semanas, submetidas à mensuração do índice de líquido amniótico (ILA). Foram comparadas gestantes em dois pontos de cortes: com ILA <5,0 e ≥5,0 cm e ILA <3,0 e ≥3,0 cm. Foram excluídas mulheres com síndromes hipertensivas, diabetes mellitus, malformações fetais e com diagnóstico de infecção na admissão. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste do χ2 ou exato de Fisher, quando pertinentes, e análise de regressão linear simples, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Foi calculada a Razão de Risco (RR) e seu intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: Quando avaliados os desfechos maternos em relação ao ILA ≥5,0 versus <5,0 cm, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Entretanto, em relação ao ILA <3,0 e ≥3,0 cm, foi verificado aumento do risco de corioamnionite (36,7 versus 10,7%; RR: 3,4; IC95% 1,4 -8,3; p=0,004), não sendo observadas diferenças significativas para as outras variáveis estudadas. Houve ainda correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre o ILA e idade gestacional do parto (R2=0,78; p<0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: O ILA <3,0 cm aumenta em três vezes o risco para corioamnionite, e quanto maior o ILA, maior a idade gestacional do parto. .

PURPOSE: To describe the potential influence of amniotic fluid on the maternal outcome of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM). METHODS: An observational, retrospective cohort study was conducted between December 2012 and January 2008 on 86 pregnant women with preterm PROM and a gestational age (GA) of 24 to 35 weeks. The amniotic fluid index (AFI) was used to measure aminiotic fluid volume. Pregnant women were compared at two cut-off points: those with AFI <5.0 and ≥5.0 cm and AFI <3.0 and ≥3.0 cm. We excluded women with hypertensive disorders, diabetes mellitus, fetal malformations and a diagnosis of infections at admission. For statistical analysis, we used the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate, and simple linear regression analysis, with the level of significance set at 5%. We calculated the Risk Ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: When maternal outcomes were assessed by comparing ILA ≥5.0 versus <5.0 cm, no significant differences were detected. However, when considering ILA <3.0 and ≥3.0 cm, there was an increased risk of chorioamnionitis (36.7 versus10.7%, RR: 3.4, 95%CI 1.4 -8.3, p=0.004), with no significant differences for the other variables. There was also a statistically significant positive correlation between AFI and gestational age at delivery (R2=0.78, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: AFI <3.0 cm causes a three-fold increase in the risk for chorioamnionitis; also, the higher the ILA, the higher the gestational age at delivery. .

[Amniotic fluid volume and maternal outcomes in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes]. / Volume de líquido amniótico e os desfechos maternos em gestantes com ruptura prematura das membranas pré-termo.

PURPOSE: To describe the potential influence of amniotic fluid on the maternal outcome of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM). METHODS: An observational, retrospective cohort study was conducted between December 2012 and January 2008 on 86 pregnant women with preterm PROM and a gestational age (GA) of 24 to 35 weeks. The amniotic fluid index (AFI) was used to measure aminiotic fluid volume. Pregnant women were compared at two cut-off points: those with AFI <5.0 and ≥5.0 cm and AFI <3.0 and ≥3.0 cm. We excluded women with hypertensive disorders, diabetes mellitus, fetal malformations and a diagnosis of infections at admission. For statistical analysis, we used the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate, and simple linear regression analysis, with the level of significance set at 5%. We calculated the Risk Ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: When maternal outcomes were assessed by comparing ILA ≥5.0 versus <5.0 cm, no significant differences were detected. However, when considering ILA <3.0 and ≥3.0 cm, there was an increased risk of chorioamnionitis (36.7 versus10.7%, RR: 3.4, 95%CI 1.4 -8.3, p=0.004), with no significant differences for the other variables. There was also a statistically significant positive correlation between AFI and gestational age at delivery (R2=0.78, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: AFI <3.0 cm causes a three-fold increase in the risk for chorioamnionitis; also, the higher the ILA, the higher the gestational age at delivery.

[Maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with decreased amniotic fluid]. / Desfechos maternos e perinatais em gestantes com líquido amniótico diminuído.

PURPOSE: To determine maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with low amniotic fluid, according to the amniotic fluid index (AFI). METHODS: A cohort study conducted on 176 patients admitted to the high risk ward of Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Amniotic fluid was measured by the amniotic fluid index, and classified as low when between 5.1 and 7.9 cm, moderate oligohydramnios between 3.1 and 5.0 cm, and severe oligohydramnios when less than or equal to 3.0 cm. To determine the difference between the three groups of categorical variables studied the chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used, when applicable, and for the numerical variables the Mann-Whitney test was applied, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: Fetal malformation more frequently occurred when oligohydramnios was severe. Hypertensive disorders, however, were associated with moderate oligohydramnios. There was similarity between the three groups in relation to premature rupture of membranes and other causes. Low amniotic fluid was more frequently diagnosed when tested at the gestational age of 32 weeks or earlier. Regarding the perinatal outcomes, the incidence of Apgar score <7 in the 1st and 5th minutes, perinatal death, neonatal jaundice and pulmonary hypoplasia was higher when oligohydramnios was moderate to severe. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and perinatal causes and outcomes in pregnant women with low amniotic fluid vary with respect to their AFI, severe oligohydramnios being associated with fetal malformation and other adverse perinatal outcomes.

Desfechos maternos e perinatais em gestantes com líquido amniótico diminuído / Maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with decreased amniotic fluid

OBJETIVO: Determinar os desfechos maternos e perinatais em gestantes com o líquido amniótico diminuído segundo o índice de líquido amniótico (ILA). MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo de coorte com 176 pacientes admitidas na enfermaria de alto risco do Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP. O líquido amniótico foi mensurado pelo índice de líquido amniótico , sendo classificado como diminuído, quando entre 5,1 e 7,9 cm; oligohidrâmnio moderado, entre 3,1 e 5,0 cm; e grave, quando menor ou igual a 3,0 cm. Para se determinar a diferença entre os três grupos das variáveis categóricas estudadas, foram utilizados o teste de chi-quadrado e exato de Fisher, quando pertinentes, e, para as variáveis numéricas, utilizou-se o teste de Mann Whitney, em um nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: As malformações fetais ocorreram mais frequentes quando o oligohidrâmnio foi grave, enquanto as síndromes hipertensivas foram associadas ao oligohidrâmnio moderado. Observou-se semelhança entre os três grupos em relação à rotura prematura das membranas e outras causas. O líquido amniótico reduzido foi encontrado com maior frequência quando a idade gestacional do diagnóstico foi ≥32ª semana. Em relação aos desfechos perinatais, a incidência de índice de Apgar <7 no 1ºe 5ºminuto do óbito perinatal, da icterícia neonatal e da hipoplasia pulmonar foi mais elevada na presença do oligohidrâmnio moderado a grave. CONCLUSÕES: As causas e os desfechos maternos e perinatais em gestantes com líquido amniótico reduzido varia em relação a sua classificação pelo ILA, estando o oligohidrâmnio grave associado aos desfechos perinatais adversos e às malformações fetais.

PURPOSE: To determine maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with low amniotic fluid, according to the amniotic fluid index (AFI). METHODS: A cohort study conducted on 176 patients admitted to the high risk ward of Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Amniotic fluid was measured by the amniotic fluid index, and classified as low when between 5.1 and 7.9 cm, moderate oligohydramnios between 3.1 and 5.0 cm, and severe oligohydramnios when less than or equal to 3.0 cm. To determine the difference between the three groups of categorical variables studied the chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used, when applicable, and for the numerical variables the Mann-Whitney test was applied, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: Fetal malformation more frequently occurred when oligohydramnios was severe. Hypertensive disorders, however, were associated with moderate oligohydramnios. There was similarity between the three groups in relation to premature rupture of membranes and other causes. Low amniotic fluid was more frequently diagnosed when tested at the gestational age of 32 weeks or earlier. Regarding the perinatal outcomes, the incidence of Apgar score <7 in the 1st and 5th minutes, perinatal death, neonatal jaundice and pulmonary hypoplasia was higher when oligohydramnios was moderate to severe. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and perinatal causes and outcomes in pregnant women with low amniotic fluid vary with respect to their AFI, severe oligohydramnios being associated with fetal malformation and other adverse perinatal outcomes.

Exame simples de urina no diagnóstico de infecção urinária em gestantes de alto risco / Urine test to diagnose urinary tract infection in highh-risk pregant women

OBJETIVO: Identificar a acurácia do exame simples de urina para diagnóstico de infecção urinária em gestantes de alto risco. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, prospectivo, em 164 gestantes admitidas na enfermaria de alto risco do Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), no período de janeiro a junho de 2011. Foram excluídas as pacientes em uso de antibiótico nos últimos dez dias. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas aos exames de urina simples e urocultura no início de sua admissão. A concordância entre os resultados dos exames foi avaliada pelo índice Kappa (K), sendo, ainda, determinados a acurácia, sensibilidade, especificidade e valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN). RESULTADOS: Utilizando como critério de diagnóstico apenas a presença de piócitos no exame simples de urina para sugerir bacteriúria, observou-se uma fraca concordância quando comparado à urocultura (K=0,16). A acurácia foi de 61%, com sensibilidade de 62,5% e especificidade de 60,6%. O VPP foi de 27,78% e o VPN, de 87%. CONCLUSÃO: Na presença de alteração do exame simples de urina não necessariamente está em curso uma infecção urinária, sendo necessária a realização da urocultura. Porém, quando o exame simples de urina for normal, a urocultura pode ser dispensada.

PURPOSE: To identify the accuracy of urinalysis in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in pregnant women at high risk. METHODS: a prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on 164 pregnant women admitted to the high-risk the ward of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP) during the period from January to June 2011. Patients who had been taking antibiotics in the last ten days were excluded. All patients were subjected to simple urine tests and urine culture at the beginning of their admission. The agreement between the results of the examinations was evaluated by Kappa indices (K), and accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were also determined. RESULTS: When only the presence of pus cells in urinalysis was used as a diagnostic criterion suggesting bacteriuria, there was a poor agreement when compared to uroculture (K=0.16). Accuracy was 61%, sensitivity 62.5%, and specificity 60.6%. PPV was 27.78% and NPV was 87%. CONCLUSION: The presence of alteration of urinalysis does not necessarily indicate an ongoing urinary tract infection, with urine culture being necessary. However, when urinalysis data are normal, uroculture may be avoided.

[Urine test to diagnose urinary tract infection in high-risk pregnant women]. / Exame simples de urina no diagnóstico de infecção urinária em gestantes de alto risco.

PURPOSE: To identify the accuracy of urinalysis in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in pregnant women at high risk. METHODS: a prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on 164 pregnant women admitted to the high-risk the ward of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP) during the period from January to June 2011. Patients who had been taking antibiotics in the last ten days were excluded. All patients were subjected to simple urine tests and urine culture at the beginning of their admission. The agreement between the results of the examinations was evaluated by Kappa indices (K), and accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were also determined. RESULTS: When only the presence of pus cells in urinalysis was used as a diagnostic criterion suggesting bacteriuria, there was a poor agreement when compared to uroculture (K=0.16). Accuracy was 61%, sensitivity 62.5%, and specificity 60.6%. PPV was 27.78% and NPV was 87%. CONCLUSION: The presence of alteration of urinalysis does not necessarily indicate an ongoing urinary tract infection, with urine culture being necessary. However, when urinalysis data are normal, uroculture may be avoided.

[Abortion in Brazil: a demographic approach]. / Aborto no Brasil: um enfoque demográfico.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of spontaneous and induced abortion reported by a sample of Brazilian women interviewed in the National Demographic Health Survey of 1996. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the Brazilian DHS-96 database, with information from interviews with a representative sample of 12,612 women about their reproductive life, focusing on the prevalence of spontaneous and induced abortion in the last five years and the associated factors for the various regions of the country and for Brazil as a whole. The sampling method was implemented with a strategy selection in two stages, one for the households and the other for women. The prevalence of spontaneous and induced abortion was estimated for Brazil and regions, and the socio-demographic characteristics of the women were analyzed as a function of the abortion's experience. A multinomial regression model analysis was used for the identification of factors independently associated with both types of abortion; their OR and respective 95% CI are reported. RESULTS: The prevalence of reported spontaneous abortion was 14% and the prevalence of induced abortion was 2.4% for the country as a whole. The state with the highest prevalence of induced abortion was Rio de Janeiro with 6.5%, followed by the Northeast region with 3.1%. The places with the lowest prevalence were the state of São Paulo and the South region. Both spontaneous and induced abortion showed higher prevalences with increasing age of the women studied. Being from the urban area (OR=1.5; 95%CI=1.0-2.3), having had more than one live child (OR=2.2; 95%CI=1.5-3.2) and being non-white (OR=1.4; 95%CI=1.0-1.8) were the main risk factors for induced abortion. CONCLUSIONS: The non-modifiable risk factors for induced abortion identified in this study indicate the need for improvement of educational and contraceptive actions, with priority for these specific demographic groups.

Aborto no Brasil: um enfoque demográfico / Abortion in Brazil: a demographic approach

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência referida de abortamento espontâneo e induzido, em uma amostra de mulheres brasileiras entrevistadas na Pesquisa Nacional sobre Demografia e Saúde (PNDS), de 1996. Métodos: análise secundária do banco de dados da PNDS de 1996 no Brasil, com informações de entrevistas com uma amostra representativa de 12.612 mulheres sobre sua vida reprodutiva, abordando a prevalência do abortamento espontâneo e induzido nos últimos cinco anos e os fatores associados para as diversas regiões e o total do país. O plano de amostragem foi implementado com uma estratégia de seleção em dois estágios, um para domicílios e outro para as mulheres. Estimou-se a prevalência de abortamento espontâneo e induzido no Brasil e regiões, e as características sociodemográficas das mulheres foram analisadas em função da experiência de aborto. Um modelo de análise de regressão multinomial foi utilizado para identificar os fatores independentemente associados com os dois tipos de aborto, relatando-se seu OR e respectivo IC95 por cento. Resultados: a prevalência do relato de aborto espontâneo foi de 14 por cento e de induzido, 2,4 por cento para todo o Brasil. O estado com maior prevalência de aborto induzido foi o Rio de Janeiro com 6,5 por cento, seguido pela região Nordeste, com 3,1 por cento. Os locais com menor prevalência foram o estado de São Paulo e a região Sul. Tanto para o aborto espontâneo como para o induzido, a prevalência aumenta com a idade da mulher. Ser da região urbana (OR=1,5; IC95 por cento=1,0-2,3), ter tido mais de um filho vivo (OR=2,2; IC95 por cento=1,5-3,2), e não ser de cor/raça branca (OR=1,4; IC95 por cento=1,0-1,8) foram os principais fatores de risco para o aborto induzido. Conclusões: os fatores de risco não-modificáveis para abortamento induzido identificados neste estudo apontam para a necessidade de ações educativas e anticonceptivas priorizadas para esses grupos demográficos específicos.

Purpose: to evaluate the prevalence of spontaneous and induced abortion reported by a sample of Brazilian women interviewed in the National Demographic Health Survey of 1996. Methods: this was a secondary analysis of the Brazilian DHS-96 database, with information from interviews with a representative sample of 12,612 women about their reproductive life, focusing on the prevalence of spontaneous and induced abortion in the last five years and the associated factors for the various regions of the country and for Brazil as a whole. The sampling method was implemented with a strategy selection in two stages, one for the households and the other for women. The prevalence of spontaneous and induced abortion was estimated for Brazil and regions, and the socio-demographic characteristics of the women were analyzed as a function of the abortion's experience. A multinomial regression model analysis was used for the identification of factors independently associated with both types of abortion; their OR and respective 95 percent CI are reported. Results: the prevalence of reported spontaneous abortion was 14 percent and the prevalence of induced abortion was 2.4 percent for the country as a whole. The state with the highest prevalence of induced abortion was Rio de Janeiro with 6.5 percent, followed by the Northeast region with 3.1 percent. The places with the lowest prevalence were the state of São Paulo and the South region. Both spontaneous and induced abortion showed higher prevalences with increasing age of the women studied. Being from the urban area (OR=1.5; 95 percentCI=1.0-2.3), having had more than one live child (OR=2.2; 95 percentCI=1.5-3.2) and being non-white (OR=1.4; 95 percentCI=1.0-1.8) were the main risk factors for induced abortion. Conclusions: the non-modifiable risk factors for induced abortion identified in this study indicate the need for improvement of educational and contraceptive actions, with priority for these specific demographic groups.

Prevalência dos defeitos de fechamento do tubo neural em recém-nascidos do Centro de Atenção à Mulher do Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira, IMIP: 2000-2004 / Neural tube defects prevalence in newborn infants in the Women Care Center of the Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira, IMIP: 2000-2004

OBJETIVOS: conhecer a prevalência de defeito de fechamento do tubo neural (DFTN) em crianças nascidas na maternidade do Centro de Atenção à Mulher do Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP) no período de 2000 a 2004. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo, do tipo corte transversal, cujos dados foram coletados de um banco de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos do qual foram selecionados todos os registros de recém-nascidos com malformação fetal. A partir daí selecionaram-se os recém-nascidos com DFTN ocorridos no período considerado. RESULTADOS: entre os 24.964 nascimentos, foram registrados 709 recém-nascidos apresentando alguma malformação ao nascer. Ao se considerar apenas os recém nascidos com DFTN, observaram-se 124 registros, representando uma prevalência de 0,5 por cento entre nascimentos naquele período. Os recém-nascidos com DFTN apresentaram características semelhantes aos recém-nascidos com malformações, de uma forma geral. A maioria (68,5 por cento) desses recém-nascidos era de parto cesariano e 37,7 por cento apresentaram baixo peso ao nascer. CONCLUSÕES: a prevalência de DFTN entre os nascimentos registrados no Centro de Atenção à Mulher do Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira foi elevada (5/1000 nascimentos) e isso, provavelmente é reflexo do fato de a maternidade ser referência para gestações de alto-risco.

OBJECTIVES: to determine neural tube closing defects in newborns delivered in the maternity ward of the Women Care Center of the Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP). METHODS: a descriptive cross-sectional cohort study, with data collected from a Born Alive Information System from which all records of newborns with fetal malformation were selected. From these records the ones pertaining to newborns between 2000 and 2004 with the neural tube closing defect were considered. RESULTS: of 24.964 births, 709 newborns with some type of malformation were registered. When narrowing this to the newborns with the neural tube closing defect the number disclosed was 124, with a prevalence of 0.5 percent of the births within the period. Newborns with the neural tube closing defect, in general, had similar characteristics to newborns with other malformations. The majority (68.5 percent) of these newborns was delivered through C-Section and 37.7 percent had low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: a high prevalence of neural tube closing defect was determined, but this could have resulted from the fact that the maternity ward of Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP) is a referral facility for high-risk pregnancies.